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Published: 2010

Connecting the dots

Sean Rooney

• How do food retailers channel nutritious excess stock to the most vulnerable in our communities?

• How do farmers who are into sustainable agriculture provide choice to consumers in big cities?

• How do organic cotton farmers in developing countries find buyers for their products in international markets?

OzHarvest picks up unused food for distribution to charities.

The answer to each of these questions is the same – through ‘connectors’.

Malcolm Gladwell, in his book on social change entitled The Tipping Point1, suggests that connectors are ‘people with a special gift for bringing the world together’.

These connectors have the ability to embrace sustainability as an opportunity, rather than a challenge. They can think across traditional organisational and sectoral boundaries and connect disparate needs in innovative ways.

In so doing, they are able to create networks that deliver positive environmental, social and economic outcomes.

For example, both large and small food retailers are able to channel food in excess of their needs to the most vulnerable in our communities through OzHarvest2, which provides a ‘rescue’ service for the food can benefit those in need. Currently operating in Sydney, Canberra, and Newcastle, OzHarvest collects fresh food and meals that are unsold or unused by caterers, restaurants, cafes and retailers and distributes them to charities.

By connecting supply (excess food) to demand (disadvantage in communities), OzHarvest :

  1. diverts hundreds of tonnes of food from landfill

  2. supplies nutritious meals to a network of charities to distribute to disadvantaged people

  3. frees up funds in charitable organisations that would otherwise be spent on food for other essential services and activities.

Local farmers practising sustainable agriculture can provide choice to consumers in big cities through connectors like Food Connect3. This organisation sees itself as ‘an organisation that facilitates a trading relationship between farmers and subscribers’. Food Connect sources local, sustainably produced, seasonal produce and centralises its collection. This ‘harvest’ is then sorted, packed and distributed to a network of ‘city cousins’ (distribution centres) in urban communities, ready for collection by ‘subscribers’ – customers who sign up to the service.

Robert Pekin (left), founder of Food Connect, and local farmer, Franco Cenciq, on Franco’s farm at Birkdale, Qld.
Credit: Adam Sebastian West.

The Food Connect approach:

  1. supports more sustainable farming practices, reducing the environmental impact of agricultural operations

  2. provides fresh, nutritious, seasonal produce to urban consumers

  3. reduces the carbon footprint of produce by facilitating local production and consumption.

Organic cotton farmers in developing countries can find buyers for their products in international markets through the Organic Exchange4. This service facilitates and nurtures an international network of retailers, manufacturers and farmers, with the aim of increasing the production and use of organic cotton and other fibres. The focus is on building demand and supply simultaneously through working across the organic cotton value chain.

Services provided by the Organic Exchange include acting as ‘matchmaker’ between buyers and sellers of organic fibres; providing advice on sustainable fibre production processes; and developing standards and assessment tools.

The Organic Exchange approach:

  1. reduces the environmental impacts of cotton production through sustainable agriculture practices

  2. rewards organic fibre producers through connecting them with demand in international markets

  3. grows markets for organic cotton and fibre products through education and promotion.

These ‘connectors’ operate at different scales across communities, cities, regions and the globe.

But at the heart of each of these examples is the principle of collaboration between producers and consumers, often in new and novel ways. Each has been able to see and seed opportunity; connect supply and demand; and create value and benefits for all participants.

An emerging property of connectors is the scalability and replicability of these models, as organisations like OzHarvest and Food Connect expand operations in other communities or inspire others to start their own.

So ‘connectors’ are on the rise, playing a key role in meeting the sustainability challenges – or should that be opportunities – of our age.

And, like all good entrepreneurs ‘connectors’ think big, start small and act now.

Sean Rooney is Sustainability Program Manager at Sinclair Knight Merz and former Director of CSIRO’s Sustainable Communities Initiative. Through this new Sustainable Enterprise column, Sean will be highlighting businesses and organisations that are putting sustainability theory into practice.


1 “The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference” Malcolm Gladwell (2000)
2 http://www.ozharvest.org/
3 http://www.foodconnect.com.au/
4 http://organicexchange.org/oecms/





Published: 25 October 2010

Atlas to put ‘citizen apps’ on the menu


How can we better integrate data from the many disparate citizen science1 groups around the country to improve the nation’s biodiversity monitoring and research efforts? Coordinators at the Atlas of Living Australia project have been spending time with members of community environmental groups to identify the most effective features for a citizen scientists’ online ‘toolkit’.

Schoolchildren learn how to use the Biodiversity Snapshots application for mobile devices.
Schoolchildren learn how to use the Biodiversity Snapshots application for mobile devices.
Credit: Museum of Victoria

The rapid development of web, map and mobile-based applications in recent years is making it easier for non-scientists to get access to scientific information and to record observations in the field – sometimes for later scientific use.

For example, Museum Victoria has just launched Biodiversity Snapshots, a new mobile application designed to help Year 3–10 school students and their teachers learn more about native wildlife.

The application includes a field guide with photos and sounds of each animal, and a way to record and upload observations on a mobile phone, netbook or tablet. When a student accesses Biodiversity Snapshots on a mobile device, the application presents information such as the animal’s name, shape, features, distribution, behaviour, habitat, sounds, status and ecology. It also lets students survey species found in school grounds, backyards, urban parks, bushland or coastal environments.

Biodiversity Snapshots is a collaboration between Museum Victoria, the Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, the Atlas of Living Australia and Earthwatch.

Gaia Resources, the consultancy that designed Biodiversity Snapshots, is also developing tools for citizen science groups to collect, organise and edit their data online through the Atlas of Living Australia website (see ECOS 153, p 24). The design process was kicked off earlier this year, with a series of workshops in which members of citizen science groups identified desirable features for an online toolkit. Not surprisingly, ‘easy to use’, ‘portable/mobile’, ‘fast’ and ‘free’ were at the top of their wish lists.

Harnessing the power of people



The combination of citizen science and new technology has produced some interesting projects. Recently, Einstein@home, an online citizen science astronomy project, described what are believed to be the first pulsars discovered through public participation. More than 250?000 volunteers helped Einstein@home to discover more than 100 potential pulsars.


Another international astronomy project, Galaxy Zoo, invited volunteers to judge from images whether galaxies were elliptical or spiral; and, if spiral, whether they were rotating in a clockwise or anti-clockwise direction.


By mid-2007, 80?000 volunteers had already classified more than 10 million images of galaxies. The final Galaxy Zoo datasets contain more than 34.6 million clicks by 82?931 volunteers: a demonstration of the power that citizen science can harness. According to a member of the Galaxy Zoo team, it would have taken researchers years to process the photographs without the volunteers.


Two other unusual initiatives are National Geographic’s archaeology project ‘Field Expedition: Mongolia’, and the San Francisco Neighborhood Parks Council’s ‘ParkScan’ website.


Volunteers in Field Expedition: Mongolia tag potential archaeological dig sites on GeoEye satellite images to assist explorers on the ground in Mongolia (see http://exploration.nationalgeographic.com).


The ParkScan website allows San Franciscans to monitor the condition of city parks and submit park observations directly to City staff (see www.parkscan.org).




The first beta public release of the Atlas of Living Australia website – which has been referred to as a biodiversity ‘yellow pages’– has been scheduled for late October 2010. The website will give researchers and the wider community access to Australian plant, animal and microorganism species’ names, photos, lists and distribution maps, mapping and identification tools, occurrence records, online literature, natural history collections and herbaria, and ecological, observational, and molecular data.

With data from museums, universities, CSIRO, herbaria and other biological collections linked together within a single web environment, users will be able to explore and analyse the information in new ways to develop a more detailed picture of Australia’s biodiversity.

Can you name this gecko, or this tree? The Atlas of Living Australia will provide open access to data such as species names, distribution maps, and mapping and identification tools for reliable identification.
Can you name this gecko, or this tree? The Atlas of Living Australia will provide open access to data such as species names, distribution maps, and mapping and identification tools for reliable identification.
Credit: David McClenaghan

‘The Atlas aims to enable any user to quickly locate and access information across the Internet on all aspects of Australian biodiversity,’ says the Director of the Atlas of Living Australia, Mr Donald Hobern.

For example, users will be able to use the Atlas’ mapping and spatial analysis tools to create a species list for a given area, or map the known occurrence for a species.

The Atlas – which is coordinated by CSIRO – will also give users open access to 50 years of archival material from the Australian Journal of Zoology (a contribution from CSIRO Publishing, which publishes ECOS).

From twitchers to storm chasers

People often ask whether citizen scientists contribute to ‘real’ science. With the right support and coordination, the answer is ‘yes’.

In 2009, for example, the North American Audubon Society analysed 40 years of data from its annual bird count, revealing dramatic shifts northward for winter bird populations as a result of warmer winters. This year's count will help scientists understand the impact of the Gulf oil spill on vulnerable species.

In this country, Birds Australia coordinated a continent-wide survey of birds from 1998–2002, in which thousands of members of the public participated – equipped with binoculars, field guides, GPS units and notebooks. These efforts culminated in the 2003 New Atlas of Australian Birds, presenting 4000 distribution maps for more than 650 bird species, including seasonal changes and breeding range.

Currently, more than 7000 volunteers continue to build Birds Australia’s database of seven million records of birds – the largest biological database in Australia, and one of the largest in the world. Apart from being used by qualified scientists in research projects, the data contributes to Australia’s ‘State of the Environment’ reporting.

Birdwatchers are among the oldest communities of ‘citizen scientists’.
Birdwatchers are among the oldest communities of ‘citizen scientists’.
Credit: Rosemary McArthur.

Perhaps the best-known citizen science program in Australia has been the national network of more than 6000 volunteer ‘weather watchers’ coordinated by the Bureau of Meteorology. The volunteers record rainfall, spot storms, and observe river heights and conditions at sea for the Bureau’s weather databases.

Today, members of the public can join any number of citizen science groups, such as ClimateWatch, Frogwatch, Toadbusters, Waterwatch, Operation Spider, Seagrass Watch, Coastcare, Greening Australia, Carnaby's Black-Cockatoo Recovery Project, Conservation Volunteers, Shorebirds 2020 and the Threatened Bird Network.

Of course, an effective citizen science project requires effective volunteer training, technical support, data collection, coordination and encouragement. While data quality can be an issue, innovative tools for ensuring high-quality data are starting to come online. Data collected by volunteers may also need peer review or expert validation.


More information

Atlas of Living Australia, www.ala.org.au



1 Citizen science is the current term for what used to be called ‘amateur science’ or ‘natural history’.




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